Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was known as the "Father of Filipino Language." Also knowsn as "Father of the Republic of the Philippines", he became the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the American government at the beginning of the 20th century. Although not recognized by other countries which previously Republica Filipina revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon is considered as the second President of the Filipino around the country, followed Aguinaldo. Quezon is also called the "Father of Philippine Independence" for his efforts to promote the independence of the Philippines from American rule.
Early Life
The Spanish mestizo Manuel Luis Quezon was born on the 19th of August , 1877 ( although her official birthday is the 19th of August , 1878) in Baler , Tayabas ( now in the province of Aurora ) , what Lucio Quezon , a teacher from Paco , Manila , also a retired sergeant in the Spanish colonial army , and Maria Dolores Molina , also a teacher in their hometown .
Taught him a tutor from 1883 to 1887 ; Then he entered San Juan de Letran where he finished secondary school in 1889. His mother died of tuberculosis in 1893 , before he graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sto . Tomas ( UST ) in 1894 . Coming in 1898 , his father Lucio and his brother Pedro were ambushed and killed by armed men on their way home to Baler from Nueva Ecija , because of their loyalty to the Spanish government .
Quezon studied law at UST , but were stopped at the outbreak of the Philippine-American War . Quezon joined the revolutionary movement and served as aide - de - camp or right hand of Emilio Aguinaldo from 1899 until Aguinaldo's capture in 1901 . After the war , he completed his law studies at UST and earned her fourth place in the Bar Exams in 1903 . He worked first as a clerk and surveyor before serving in government as fiscal of Mindoro on the 19th of September, 1903 , and later became a prosecutor in the Tayabas in March 1904. In the short term fiscal Tayabas him , he filed 25 estafa case against Frank J. Berry , an influential American lawyer and publisher , before he resigned in November 1904 and became a private attorney from 1904 until 1906 .
On 13 July 1906, the Supreme Court judgment in the case of U.S. vs . Querijero (GR No. . L - 2626) says that when killed the father and brother of Quezon , the culprit is the revolutionary soldiers against Spain and the murder was committed by order of a superior officer and made for the purposes of war .
Politics
In 1906 , Quezon was elected as a councilor and later as Governor of Tayabas . On the 25th of July , 1907, he resigned as Governor and ran for the Philippine Assembly . From 1907 to 1909, was a member of the Philippine Assembly , and Majority Floor Leader and Chairman of the Appropriations Committee. In 1909, the Legislature elected him as resident commissioner of the Philippines Congress of the United States .
As resident commissioner , can speak and Quezon discussion , but he has no right to vote. However , Quezon keen desire to advance the liberation the Philippines . After a speech at Tammany Hall for the Fourth of July in 1911 , Quezon told the New York Times that " We are grateful to Mr. Taft and the Americans what they have done to us, but we do not want to be a colony . We want freedom . "
In response to the New York Times published an " Philippines the Key to our Success in the Far East " , said Quezon ( published in the NY Times on 15th September 1912), " It's time for viewing the Philippines as a business to stand out and say it when they promoted the survival of the island as covered in America , rather than disguise their true purpose because offensive to national dignity of Filipinos. Do they say that the United States remains the Philippines not because it wants to expand its territory , not because it seeks profit, but to give the island a good and wise government , can not afford to establish and maintain the Association has deliberately . "
In 1916 , the Philippines Quezon brought the Jones Act , promising to recognize the independence of the Philippines.
Senate
Manuel L. Quezon was elected Senator of the Fifth District in 1916 and became President of the Senate until 1935 . Reaches nineteen years of his becoming President of the Senate .
On the 9th of December , 1918 , Quezon sailed to America as the leader of the first Independence Mission to the Congress of the United States . Take him aside Hongkong , where he married his cousin named Aurora Aragon y Molina on the 17th of December . They blessed with four children , Mary Aurora ( " Baby " ) ( 1919-1949 ) ; Mary Zeneida ( " Nini " ) ( 1921 -) ; Luisa Corazon Paz ( " Nenita " ) ( 1923-1923 ) , and Manuel L . , Jr. . ( " Nonong " ) ( 1926-1998 ) .
May 10th , 1920 Quezon delivered his maiden speech before the Congress of the United States . Included in the speech he terms " After all , we still want independence " , and " If the scheduled fate of my country to be covered but rich , or to be free but poor , undoubtedly I choose the latter . "
In 1922 , Quezon said he questioned " unipersonal Leadership " Speaker Sergio Osmena , compared to so-called " collective leadership " that he advocated. On 24 February 1922, Quezon Nacionalista Party , which was also member Osmena , and he says : " The party has never been and never will be the people . My loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty begins in my hometown . " Stayed Quezon as President of the Senate , and Osmeña also became Senate President Pro Tempore . [ 1 ]
After Warren Harding was elected as President of the United States in 1920 , Francis Burton Harrison was replaced by Leonard Wood as Governor General of the Philippines . Nagpairal Governor -General Wood's policies in the eyes of the Filipinos are very violent. In 1923, during the campaign for the special election for the fourth senatorial district ( covered Manila and nearby provinces ) , Joseph P. Laurel , who was then Secretary of the Interior Department , has resigned in protest of Wood said he 's tampering with his department . The Democrata Party , which opposition , has pledged cooperation with Wood . Americanistas Quezon called the Party Democrata . According to him, a vote for their candidate was a vote against the sovereignty of the Philippines . He added: " I prefer a country run like hell by Filipinos than a country run like heaven by the Americans, because however bad a Filipino government is we can change. "
In 1931, the Mission OsRox led by Sergio Osmena and Manuel Roxas went to the United States to promote self-sufficiency goals . They brought back the Hare- Hawes - Cutting , who strongly opposed Quezon turn because it provided still remain in the Philippines U.S. military bases after independence. Although the Hare - Hawes -Cutting Act was approved by the Congress of the United States , also rejected by the Legislature of the Philippines in October 1933. In November 1933, Quezon to Washington . In 1934, he brought home the Tydings - McDuffie Act , which does not contain conditions regarding the American military base , and it was approved by the Legislature of the Philippines .
On the 30th of July , 1934 , formally opened the Constitutional Convention , and on the 14th of May , 1935 the Constitution of 1935.
President
Quezon ran the first presidential election in the Philippines in November 1935 and won against Emilio Aguinaldo (former President of the Revolutionary Republica Filipina, he previously served as aide-de-camp or right hand), and Gregorio Aglipay.
1st Term
In his first term as President , Quezon partnered with High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt of the United States to facilitate the entry into the Philippines of Jews fleeing fascist regimes in Europe . [1 ] Quezon was also a project to resettle in Mindanao refugees .
From 1901 to 1935, although a Filipino always appointed chief justice , the American majority of the members of the High Court ( Supreme Court ) . Obtained only fully Filipinization the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 , when Quezon , as President , was given the power to appoint the first High Court whose members are all Filipinos. Among the first Quezon appointed to replace the American justices Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel . Increased the number of members of the Court ( made eleven ) : a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sit en banc ( all together making a decision) or perhaps two divisions of five members.
In 1935, the former Chief of Staff of the United States General Douglas MacArthur , who has long acquaintance , Quezon returned to the Philippines as a counselor Commonwealth forces . MacArthur was appointed to formulate a national defense plan and to establish and train the Armed Forces of the Philippines . When MacArthur retired from the Army of the United States in 1937, Quezon offered him a position as Field Marshal .
In 1936, Quezon issued E.O. No. 23 , which contains the technical description and specification of the flag of the Philippines .
In January 1937, the Quezon National Language Institute , which aims to create a common national language for the Filipinos. In November 1937, the Institute recommended to make national language Tagalog , so on the 30th of December 1939 was declared Quezon Tagalog be the national language of the Philippines . In June 1940 also , he ordered the national language taught as a subject in schools .
Enthusiastic Quezon promoted social justice or social justice , so sometimes he spake : "More Useful social justice when used basis is the emotion and understanding and not the law . " In 1937 , he signed the first minimum wage law in the Philippines . That same year , the first Filipino women voted in a plebiscite concerning the right of women to vote or the so-called women 's suffrage .
On the 12th of October , 1939 , he signed Commonwealth Act 502 , which created a city in Diliman , on the outskirts of Manila. The city he founded and developed to become the nation's capital, is named after him later - the City of Chicago .
Extended the original term of Quezon six years as President by the amendments to the Constitution , so he served two more years before he was reelected in November 1941.
World War II
On the 8th of December , 1941 , just before the election of Quezon in his second term as President, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii . Followed attacks on various U.S. military bases in the Philippines . When the Japanese invaded the Philippines , Quezon evacuated to Corregidor , where he was sworn in as President on the 30th of December , 1941 , in front of Malinta Tunnel . The following month , Quezon was forced to flee Corregidor to Mindanao aboard a submarine , and from there to Mindanao . Upon the invitation of the government of the United States , he evacuated to Australia and then the United States , where he established the exiled government (government in exile ) of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , whose headquarters are in Washington , DC There , he served as a member of the Pacific War Council and wrote his autobiography , "The Good Fight " or " The Good Fighting " , published in 1946 .
14th June 1942 at the White House in Washington DC , Quezon signed the United Nations Declaration on behalf of the Philippines . This is the first time that the Philippines flag was raised alongside the flag of another country, and although only one Commonwealth , acknowledged that other countries in anticipation of its eventual independence .
Death
Quezon died of tuberculosis on 1 August 1944, at Saranac Lake, New York. He was first buried in Maine Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery in Washington DC, then dug his lips again and rode the USS Princeton [1], and re-buried at the Manila North Cemetery on the 1st of August 1946. Later, it moved to Manuel Quezon Memorial Shrine, within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City, on the 19th of August 1979, the day which would have been his 102 th birthday.
Etched in his final resting place the phrase: "Statesman and Patriot, | Lover of Freedom, | Advocate of Social Justice | Beloved of His People." (Great managers and heroes, | Loving freedom, | promoter of social justice, | beloved by his people.)
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